Sound Modification

Fuel combustion does not only produce gaseous pollutants. It also produces acoustic pollutants. The explosive reaction of fuel with oxygen creates loud sounds that can potentially damage hearing. The intensity of these sounds is reduced by the muffler. The muffler serves as some sort of sound deadener that eliminates the noise of the exiting exhaust gases. The quality of sound is also improved in the process. Hence, some automobile owners install performance mufflers simply to improve the sound of the exhaust. This is common in hot rod cars and other modified cars intended for racing or off-road driving. Some mufflers are even conspicuously displayed.

In most automobiles, the mufflers are found at the rear portion. In some fancy cars, the mufflers are found elsewhere. Sometimes they may be found on the sides or on top of the engine compartment itself. Regardless of the configuration or location, the muffler serves the same purpose and it is fundamentally standard in design. Simple as it may seem, the muffler is actually a precision component. It is precisely tuned as a wind instrument. However, instead of producing sounds, it eliminates sounds. The muffler has special chambers and holes. It is through these chambers and holes that the sounds are eliminated.

Sounds are eliminated by the muffler through the process known as destructive interference. When the exhaust sounds pass through the muffler, echoes are created. These echoes are identical to the original sounds but they have reversed amplitude crest. When the original sound waves and echo waves meet, they mutually cancel each other. In this manner, noise is eliminated. Nonetheless, exhaust sounds are far too complicated to be totally cancelled. The intensity and quality of the sounds are merely modified to be less destructive or disorganized. The sounds that exit the mufflers are less intense and more pleasing to the ears.

Oxidation-Reduction

The pollutants in an exhaust are created under two different conditions. In either case, the pollutants that are produced are different. The first condition is when the amount of fuel is proportionally larger than the amount of air. The fuel mixture produced in this case is said to be rich mixture. This type of mixture produces hydrocarbon residues and carbon monoxide as pollutants. On the other hand, if the air is proportionally greater than the fuel, the mixture that is produced is called lean mixture. When this type of mixture is combusted, it produces nitrogen oxides as pollutants. To minimize these pollutants, anti-pollution devices, such as the catalytic converter, are installed as standard features of automobiles.

A catalytic converter does not actually participate in the elimination of pollutants. It merely facilitates the efficient combustion of fuel. Its operation is based on the principles of oxidation-reduction. It is attached to the down pipe of the exhaust system. It is basically a modified exhaust pipe. But it is easy to identify because of its bulky structure. Inside the catalytic converter is a ceramic honeycomb with thin layers of metal catalysts. The honeycomb is purposely designed to maximize the surface area. In this manner, the oxidation-reduction of the exhaust gases can be optimized.

Platinum, rhodium, and palladium are typically used as catalysts. Since these are rare and precious metals, it is not surprising why catalytic converters are expensive. Aside from these metals, cerium, iron, manganese and nickel are also used. Under oxidation reaction, the catalysts facilitate the reaction of oxygen molecules with the molecules of the incompletely burned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide. On the other hand, a different set of catalysts facilitate the removal of oxygen molecules from the nitrogen oxides during reduction reaction. Through the oxidation-reduction reactions, the pollutants are removed and fuel efficiency is maintained.

Friction Force

The two types of brake systems are the brake drum system and the brake rotor system. Although the two are mechanically different, they have similar parts. For instance, both systems use brake pads. These components are basically the same in both systems. They have the same purpose and they operate in the same manner. The only big difference lies in the respective configurations. In a brake drum system, the brake pads are attached to the brake shoes. On the other hand, the brake pads in a brake rotor system are attached to the brake calipers. However, in both cases, the brake pads are pressed against a brake surface to stop the wheel rim from rotating.

In a brake drum system, the brake surface is the interior wall of the brake drum. Meanwhile, in the case of brake rotor system, the brake surface is the brake disc. Since these brake surfaces are attached to the wheel rims, stopping their motions will also automatically stop the wheels from rotating. This is achieved through the application of friction force. The friction of the brake pads on the brake surfaces arrests the motion of the wheels. The amount brake force is directly related to the amount of friction force.

Friction force, on the other hand, is determined by two factors, namely, the hydraulic pressure and the durability of the brake pads. As the brake pads wore down, the friction force also diminishes. The hydraulic pressure can be directly controlled by the driver but the wear and tear process is inevitable. Worn out brake pads are simply replaced by new ones.

Modern brake pads are radically different from the first generation brake pads. Using asbestos as protection against heat is now discontinued. Asbestos was found out to be highly toxic. Today, the asbestos are replaced by Aramid fibers. Ceramic and carbon fiber materials are also integrated into the modern brake pads.

Built-in Power Generator

Have you ever wondered how the car batteries continually get recharged? The car batteries just seem to have endless supply of power even when they continually are being used. Car batteries are seldom replaced. Perhaps, it is only when there are leaks or during acid replacements that the car batteries are removed and recharged. On the other hand, you might also wonder: what is the source of electrical power of the car lights if the batteries only provide low voltage current? Obviously, the batteries cannot effectively supply the power needs of the car lights. The answer to these questions is the alternator.

The alternator is the built-in electrical generator of the automobile. It is the main power source that sustains combustion and powers the automobile lights. It is also the one that periodically recharges the car batteries. On the other hand, when it comes to the process of ignition, the batteries merely initiate it. The alternator is the one that sustains ignition. The batteries do not have enough power to sustain combustion. As a built-in power generator, the alternator derives its mechanical power from the camshaft. Consequently, it cannot operate if the engine is not running. If you want to maintain the power supply in your car while it is parked, you have to put the engine in idle mode. In this manner, the alternator can still function.

As the name implies, the alternator produces alternating current. This type of current is better because it has greater power and can travel at longer distance without losing significant amount of energy. This alternating current is produced by the alternator through the process known as electromagnetic induction. Inside the alternator is a permanent magnet rotor. A set of magnetic wire coils is installed on the interior wall of the alternator. As the rotor spins, its magnetic field is cut by the wire coils. This results in the flow of electrons on the wire coils. The electrons are pushed by the rotating magnetic field.

Distributor: A Rotary Switch

The automobile is not all about mechanical output. It is not all about speed, torque, power, and mileage. The mechanical components of the automobile are just one aspect of a coherent whole. The electronic and electrical components are also equally important. The mechanical components cannot function without the electronic and electrical components. Without these latter components, the automobile will be like an animal without a nervous system. Even long before the development of the onboard computer, the electrical parts are already built-in features. One of the most basic electrical components is the distributor. This component is responsible for regulating the flow of high voltage electrical current to the spark plugs.

To some extent, the distributor can be considered as a composite of mechanical and electrical parts. It has a rotor that is powered by the camshaft. In this manner, the distribution of electrical current can be coordinated to the motions and positions of the pistons. Electrical voltage needs to be precisely discharged by the corresponding spark plugs only when the pistons are in particular positions. Any delay or advance electrical discharges can cause fuel combustion inefficiency and even the breakdown of the engine. Hence, the distributor serves a crucial role.

To put it simply, the distributor is a special type of mechanical rotary switch. Its main role is to alternately and sequentially distribute high voltage current to the spark plugs. The distribution of electrical current corresponds to the motions of the pistons. A distributor is comprised of housing, a rotor, a set of carbon conductors, rotor brushes, and a cap with distribution points. As the rotor rotates, specific circuits of spark plugs are closed. This allows the flow of high voltage current. Each distribution point on the distributor cap corresponds to a particular spark plug. The spark plugs are connected to the distribution points via spark plug wires.

My Mazda Convertible

I always loved the open air. Nothing is more relaxing than driving a convertible at dusk during summer season. I usually take my Mazda Miata convertible for a spin whenever I feel stressed at work. I recently bought this car from a car show that I attended. I originally intended this car as a productivity gift for my trusted friend and employee, Jim, but I decided to give him the Dodge instead. I liked the Miata so much that I decided to include it in my collection. Unassuming as it is, this car is perhaps the most practical car that I ever bought.

In terms of performance and efficiency, the Miata is superbly engineered. It is light weight but has a powerful engine. Its engine produces an output of 124 kW or about 166 horsepower. Its torque is also equally impressive at 140 ft lb, allowing it to be highly maneuverable both on flat ground and on slopes. It is environmentally friendly partly because of its multi-point injection fuel system. In this manner, you can be assured that no fuel is wasted. This also means highly responsive and precise engine that automatically adjust to the mechanical demands of the situation. Fuel efficiency translates to zero pollution.

Aerodynamically speaking, the Miata is also impressive. Its highly streamlined body allows it to smoothly run at high speed. Since air resistance is significantly reduced, fuel is also saved. Instead of spending fuel in counteracting air resistance, fuel combustion is translated into speed and mileage. Its petit body structure also contributes to its aerodynamic maneuverability. On the other hand, in terms of handling maneuverability, this vehicle utilizes wishbone front suspension with stabilizer bar and coil springs. Its brake system is equipped with electronic brake distribution and ventilated discs. In other words, Miata is stylish, efficient, safe and comfortable to ride.

Throttle

Most people are familiar with the phrase: “full throttle.” Most people interpret this phrase as something that is related to speed or power. However, only a few people really understand what does the phrase really mean. Well, most people are correct in interpreting the phrase as something that is related to speed and power but there is a more technical root of this phrase. However, even if you do not have the technical background, you will somewhat be able to deduce that throttle is some sort of an opening. Since full throttle typically means full speed, you will also be able to deduce that a throttle is related either to fuel intake or air intake.

Most people are right in correlating the phrase, “full throttle” to speed or engine power. Technically speaking, a throttle is a part of the intake system. It is the one that regulates the entry of air into the combustion chambers. Its main role is to control the speed and volume of air. It is comprise of a butterfly type control valve and a nozzle. It can be directly controlled by the driver by stepping on the throttle pedal. On the other hand, in automobiles with electronic throttle, the throttle is automatically controlled by the ECU or engine control unit.

The throttle regulates the mechanical output of the engine by simply controlling the volume and flow of air that enters the combustion chambers. In virtually all modern automobile models, the mechanically-controlled throttle has been replaced by the electronically-controlled counterpart. In this manner, the throttle control is now more precise and convenient. The driver does not anymore need to estimate the exact degree of adjustment. This task is already being performed by the ECU. Furthermore, the degree of adjustment is directly based on the mechanical demand of the engine.

Emotional Pollution

It has been a while since my last post. I still occasionally get updates from the office through emails and telephone calls. But I temporarily left the day-to-day management to Jim.
During the past days, I have been enjoying the great outdoor. I have been fishing, hiking, and camping alone. Being alone really gives me enough time to think. I must admit that I sometimes still get too sentimental. But as previously promised I will not burden you with the details of my personal life. I will try to be as useful as possible. Well, I guess, the story of my life is not that interesting enough or insightful enough to entertain or to provide tidbits of wisdom.

On the other hand, it is a totally different story when it comes to cars. I think that my passion for cars is perhaps one of the most meaningful parts of my life that I can share with the public. Although my knowledge is far from being encyclopedic, I will try to provide as much useful information about cars in this blogsite. Although I have originally intended this blog writing thing as some sort of emotional therapy, writing about cars gives me the opportunity to forget my problems.

If I am to compare this blog writing to a particular car component, I would compare it to an anti-pollution device such as catalytic converter. Like a catalytic converter, my blog writing does not directly solve my problems but it eases my mind from the emotional “pollution.” But unlike a catalytic converter, blog writing is not that expensive. Although I am well aware that I still have to capture a particular audience for this blog, it is satisfying enough for me to know that my words exist in the web and are accessible to many.

Dissipating Vibration Force

Automobile maneuverability, ride comfort, and safety are largely dependent on the suspension system. The suspension system compensates for vehicular vibrations, allowing automobile to be more stable. The suspension system of an automobile is comprised of several components. Some components serve as the main functional units while some components are merely support structures. The shock absorber is considered as a main functional unit of the suspension system. In most automobiles, the shock absorber is the most important suspension component. As the name indicates, its main role is to absorb the impact of the compressive force of vibrations. It is the one that dissipates the vibration force.

In most automobiles, each wheel has a corresponding shock absorber. In this manner, each shock absorber can compensate for the individual loads of the wheels. Shock absorbers are typically integrated with coil springs or pneumatic springs to form composite structures known as struts. By combining the shock absorber with a spring, the suspension load is more effectively compensated. This arrangement enables the individual wheels to separately respond to the varying contours of the ground and to the shifting weight of the automobile. This is otherwise known as independent suspension. This type of arrangement is common in four-wheel drive vehicles.

Basically, a shock absorber is a hydraulic mechanism. It is comprised of a cylinder shaft and a piston shaft. The hydraulic fluid is contained within the cylinder shaft. To some extent, the hydraulic fluid serves as the cushion for the piston shaft. As the piston shaft moves up and down, in response to the vibrations, the hydraulic fluid dissipates the force of vibrations. This action is very important when it comes to the stability of the automobile. In this manner, wheel traction is maintained and ride comfort is not compromised.

One-way Pump

Gone are the days when fuel flow is dependent on the partial vacuum state inside the combustion chambers. This method of feeding fuel into the combustion chambers has been made obsolete by the fuel pump. The former method is not very effective and only leads to wasting fuel. Reliance on the partial vacuum of the combustion chambers results in either excessive or scarce amount of fuel. This means that the fuel/air mixture will ether be rich or lean. In either case, fuel combustion will lead to production of pollutants such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. A fuel pump assures that there will be enough fuel that will be injected into the combustion chambers.

A fuel pump is not actually a very modern innovation. Its development has preceded the fuel injection system. However, in modern automobiles, the fuel pump is an integrated component of the fuel injector system. Without the fuel pump, the fuel injection system will not be able to effectively function. Without the fuel pump, the fuel injection system will be less accurate. It will not be able to control the right amount of fuel needed by the engine. The fuel pump is the one that drives the flow of fuel into the combustion chambers.

Basically, a fuel pump is a simple centrifugal pump that is analogous to the water pump of the engine cooling system. Unlike the water pump, the fluid that flows into the fuel pump follows a one-way path. Unlike the liquid coolant of the engine cooling system, the fuel is meant to be consumed inside the combustion chambers. The fuel will not return to the fuel tank. Hence, the fuel pump can be considered as a one-way pump. It may be powered by the same camshaft but unlike the water pump, the fuel pump does not allow fuel to re-circulate to the tank.